As a result, islamophobia strikes at the heart of one of the most urgent political projects for european radicals. A phobia, according to the merriamwebster dictionary, is an exaggerated, usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation. It can be said that the definition of antisemitism held the same core concept as that of islamophobia today. Today, islamophobia in europe manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviors, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions. A comparative, multilevel study article pdf available in journal of muslim minority affairs 353 july 2015 with 734 reads how we measure reads. Islamophobia is a term used to describe irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of islam, muslims, and islamic culture, and active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them. A uk response to islam and the influence of social media in shaping attitudes towards muslim communities.
The mural stands as a powerful symbolic reminder of antifascism in the east end. The term islamophobia industry has been coined by nathan lean and john esposito in the 2012 book the islamophobia industry. Islamophobia is an unfounded fear and hostility toward islam and muslims that results in discrimination, bias, marginalization, and at times, violence. Moreover, unless europeans take necessary measures against islamophobia and other kinds of xenophobia, european states are destined to lose rationality in their policies. Europe, islamophobia has proven to be the highest, most acute, and widely spread form of racism. Dissecting european attitudes towards a ban on muslims. Racism, migration and islamophobia in europe liz fekete. Islamophobia is a fairly new phenomenon which many believe gained momentum following september 11th. There is no widelyaccepted, usable definition of islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis. Muslims in the european union discrimination and islamophobia 7 executive summary history and structure of the report a key finding of all eumc work on antimuslim discrimination and manifestations of islamophobia since 2001 has been the shortage of adequate, reliable and objective data on religious groups.
Isj is an interdisciplinary and multilingual academic journal that encourages submissions that theorizes the historical, political. Europe is a euro pean notion, as is the whole geographical system of continents of which europe was the first. Toward more effective strategies symposium report and analysis november 2017 executive summary on september 25 27, 2017, the carter center center convened an experts symposium to better understand the rising tide of islamophobia in europe and the united states and devise a. Muslims in the european union discrimination and islamophobia 25. Islam, islamism and islamophobia in europe report 1 committee on culture, science and education rapporteur. The incidence of islamophobia, and the magnitude of the phenomenon and its. How governments are enabling the farright counterjihad movement. The state of islamophobia in europe this is the third issue of the annual european islamophobia report eir consisting of an overall evaluation of islamophobia in europe in the year 2017, as well as 33 country reports which include almost all eu member states and additional countries such as russia and norway.
The article shows how antimigrant islamophobia is a structural phenomenon in european societies and how its internal structure has specific social roots and mechanisms of functioning. In order to help european policy makers to assert the extent of antimuslim racism, the seta releases the european islamophobia report 2018. This piece of work examines current issues surrounding the. Antisemitism and islamophobia in europe a shared story. A synergy between leading academic researchers and the islamic human rights commission, countering islamophobia in europe will be of value to eu institutions, governments and policymakers, ngos and media organisations, as well as researchers of multiculturalism, islam, muslims and immigration. Although the majority of muslim communities in europe formed recently, there are centuriesold muslim societies in the balkans islam entered southern europe through the expansion of moors of north africa in the 8th10th centuries. While it remains contested as to what the term exactly means, islamophobia in europe manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviors, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions. Request pdf xenophobia and islamophobia in europe european antimuslim attitudes. The total population of europe increased from 548 million in 1950 to 744 million by 2020. The state of islamophobia in europe the state of islamophobia in europe this is the second edition of the annual european islamophobia report eir which was presented for the first time in 2015.
A new ideology for a media generation 159 11 towards a new definition of islamophobia 187. This report investigates in detail the underlying dynamics that directly or indirectly support the rise of antimuslim racism in europe in 2018. The state of islamophobia in europe this is the third issue of the annual european islamophobia report eir consisting of an overall evaluation of islamophobia in europe in the year 2017, as well as 33 country reports which include almost all eu member states and additional countries such as. When all the public eye sees are headscarves instead of individual stories, our community is collectively tokenized. Muslim political entities existed firmly in what is today spain, portugal, sicily and malta. The articles in this guide are organized thematically. Religious and ethnic minorities feel the consequences of growing intolerance as mosques and asylum centres are targeted. Although islam has a deep history in europe, the results of this paper reveal that the percentage of muslims in europe is very low. The surge of islamophobia in europe has been linked with the growing popularity and agendasetting power of the radical right. Mr mogens jensen, denmark, socialist group summary intolerance towards islam and muslims has been increasing in recent years alongside islamism, a religiously disguised form of. Dramatic increase in islamophobia in europe muhittin.
Unlike the relationship of a buyer and a seller, it is a relationship of mutual benefit, where ideologies and political proclivities converge to advance the same agenda. The view of muslims in the media has further illustrated that muslims are politically and socially inept within society. With the declining importance of the nationstate, traditional antisemitism has run its historical course, while islamophobia threatens to become the defining condition of the new, unified europe. Muslims in the european union fundamental rights agency. However, islamophobia is not a simple ersatz for the old antisemitism, its roots are old and it possesses its own tradition. Islamophobia is, in large part, the function of an antimuslim industry, a wellfunded and wellconnected network of individuals pamela geller, david horowitz, institutions american freedom law center, jihad watch, the clarion institute, and donors sheldon adelson, the bradley foundation. The discourse of islamophobia is becoming a mainstream in european countries which can be attributed to the rise of populist issues in europe calling for antiimmigrant campaigns and islamic. Yet, islamophobia has caused many to recall antisemitism in the netherlands and western europe during the period before world war ii.
Rational islamophobia in europe s ocialandpolitical relationsbetween europe and the muslim world are politically fractious. The perception of islam and muslims in the media and the. View islamophobia in europe research papers on academia. Islamophobia in germany refers to the set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards islam andor muslims in germany. Pdf islamophobia in europe ircica journal, vol iii. Australia, and in those in western europe, have their own takes on islamophobia. Media and islamophobia in europe and the united states article pdf available in international communication gazette 761. It describes mentalities and actions that demean an entire class of people.
Muslims in the european union discrimination and islamophobia 7 executive summary history and structure of the report a key finding of all eumc work on antimuslim discrimination and manifestations of islamophobia since 2001 has been the shortage of. Islamophobia is not a new term but it has become commonly used in the united states following the 911 terrorist attacks. Islam s meaning, peace is a culture, which forms a necessary binding force in a community. Essays provide a wide historical perspective from crusader states of the middle ages through contemporary controversies. January 2009december 2010 hate, newtarget islamophobia. Jun 19, 2017 if the wave of terrorist attacks across europe was the primary cause of the spike in islamophobia, then the 2015 migrant crisis was the most important secondary factor. Islam is the secondlargest religion in europe after christianity.
Assetsdocspollsipsosmoriperilsofperceptioncharts2016. Professor emeritus bichara khader, in his essay for the 2016 anthology the search for europe, writes that islamophobia in europe and the us is often linked to migrants from muslim countries that. Netherlands mosque attacks and rising islamophobia. Islamophobia, by contrast, is a phenomenon of the present, marshaled to safeguard a supranational europe. With case studies ranging from the balkans to the uk. The seminar on islamophobia and its consequences on young people was intended as a contribution to the combating of islamophobia, by exploring political and educational action aimed at increasing understanding and respect for religious diversity among young people in europe. Click download or read online button to get xenophobia and islamophobia in europe book now. The term islamophobia was first used in print in 1991 and was defined in the runnymede trust report the runnymede trust commission on british muslims and islamophobia, 1997 as unfounded hostility towards islam, and therefore fear or dislike. Yet most writers have an impressionistic understanding of the term at best. Just newsroom combating antimuslim hatred european. Islamophobia reference to this phenomenon was advanced by the thesis formed by f. Pdf during the last two decades of rising antimigrant racism in europe, islamophobia has proven to be the highest, most acute, and widely. The muslim population in europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins.
The second article, by farid hafez, discusses islamophobia in eastern europe as a form of racism. The islamophobia studies journal is a biannual publication that focuses on the critical analysis of islamophobia and its multiple manifestations in our contemporary moment. Islamophobia is a closedminded hatred, fear or prejudice. Italy comes third with 26% overestimation, and belgium and germany fourth with 24% overestimation. Part 5 towards a new theory and definition of islamophobia. Islamophobia this information resource was created to aid students, faculty, staff, and individuals of the broader community to better understand islamophobia and to take steps towards active allyship. Islamophobia is an emerging comparative concept in the social sciences. This is the first book to examine the relationship between european antisemitism and islamophobia from the crusades until the twentyfirst century in the principal flashpoints of the two racisms. The salman rushdie affair, hijab controversies, the attacks on the. Indeed, decades on from runnymedes early attempts to define islamophobia, the uk government still does not have an agreed, published definition. Islam was a problem for europe from its rise both worlds have been serious challenges to each other during the first millennium of confrontation european christians persisted largely in ignorance the quran was available in latin translation from the 12th century translator. A suitable enemy draws on sixteen years of research to present a comprehensive overview of eu immigration, asylum, race and security policies.
There are around five million muslims living in france today. The first article emerged from the keynote by ivan kalmar, who argues that islamophobia in eastern europe does not stem from a long eastern european tradition, but qualitatively resembles western european islamophobia. The roots of islamophobia lie in the memory of the long colonial past of europe and, in france, of the algerian war. The paper seeks to contribute to the discussions about islamophobia across europe by focusing attention on the opposition to muslim immigration that. Liz fekete is a leading authority on issues of racism, islamophobia and national security legislation. Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept. Islamophobia in france nicolas lebourg translated from the french by vanessa glauser, with editing by cecile alduy t he accusation of blasphemy made charlie hebdo the target of the january 7 attack in 2015. Nevertheless, it seems to tow backwards in eradicating the effects of islamophobia in the nation. Islamophobia in muslim countries islamophobia research. It creates the perception that opportunity is limited and only a rare few of us can make it. It may be hard for the afflicted to sufficiently determine or communicate the source of this fear, but it exists. The carter center countering the islamophobia industry.
Xenophobia and islamophobia in europe download ebook pdf. Dramatic increase in islamophobia in europe muhittin ataman. Uk eu referendum brexit poll tracker, financial times jun. Pdf islamophobia is an emerging comparative concept in the social sciences. One of the more overlooked forms of islamophobia is the variety of islamophobia in muslim majority countries. The rise of islamophobia in europe and how we can deal with it. In recent years, a specific phobia has gripped western societies islamophobia. Muslims are inadequately captured in statistical representations, with great variation between member states. The state of islamophobia in europe the population will be muslim in 2020 when the actual projection is 8. To challenge islamophobia the starting point must surely be a definition, a mechanism that leads to accountability. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. In the current political environment, antimuslim bigotry and islamophobia have become pervasive features of american public life. Today, the muslimmajority regions of europe are bosnia and herzegovina, albania, kosovo, parts of north macedonia and montenegro, as well as some russian regions in northern caucasus and the volga region.
Whether in formal politics or national media, it is common to see and hear negative stereotypes and fearmongering messaging about muslims and their place in society. Understanding and explaining islamophobia in eastern europe. The message confirms the commissions engagement on tackling intolerance, hatred and discrimination targeting muslims in europe. The aim of this resource is to foster intergroup dialogue on campus, in the workplace, and in the tucson community. This is the second edition of the annual european islamophobia report eir.
This investigative report is a key step in exposing and examining the powerful force of islamophobia in the u. Islamophobia network in america, providing critical funding to a clutch of rightwing think tanks that peddle hate and fear of muslims and islam in the form of books, reports, websites, blogs, and carefully crafted talking points that anti islam grassroots organizations and. List of cities in the european union by muslim population. The rise of islamophobia in europe is being normalised by intellectuals but they are pushing at an already open door antiislamic rhetoric is being given legitimacy by a string of highly. Today, in europe, xenophobia and islamophobia are the warp and woof of the war. The issue of islamophobia is considered from the perspective of the local, regional, and global. European institutions to combat islamophobia and to foster integration and. The rise of islamophobia in europe is being normalised by. Islamophobia and its manifestations in the united states, january 2009 december 2010. By 2030, people of muslim faith or origin are predicted to form about 8% of the population of europe. In response to political and educational constructs the situation that muslims are faced with now simply shows islamophobia reconsidered but in a more dysfunctional manner, klung 2012. This entry provides an overview of the demographics of the muslim population in the united states.
This collection of essays outlines the groundwork for examining the interesting but often overlooked relationship between antisemitism and islamophobia in europe. The state of islamophobia in europe european islamophobia. Still a challenge for us all, to gather together the evidence on islamophobia in britain today, and to suggest how we should respond to it. Europe, islamophobia has proven to be the highest, most acute, and widely spread form of. Countering islamophobia in europe ian law palgrave macmillan. The perception of islam and muslims in the media and the responsibility of european muslims towards the media mirza mesic, imam, professor of islamic history at the zagreb madrasah, zagreb mosque, zagreb, croatia mirza.